CONJUNCTION
Definition: A Conjunction is a word or a pair of words which join two or more sentences, clauses, phrases or words.
FUNCTIONS OF CONJUNCTIONS:
The conjunction performs following actions in Sentences;
- Adding two Sentences
I like morning walk but my brother does exercise in the morning.
He serves in a private company hence he has no time to accompany us.
- Adding two Subjects
Mr. Mishra and Mr. Tiwari came in my office.
You and I love each other.
- Adding two verbs
Can you read and write English?
I like both of swimming and jogging for exercise.
- Adding two objects
I hate both of her and her family.
You may call me or my brother.
- Adding to clauses
This is the boy who stole my purse.
I want to meet the boy who helped you.
- By joining sentences you can make longer sentences out of free sentences.
She is Shila. Her father is an officer. He works in a CA firm. She wants to help her father. She works in a School.
After using conjunctions you can make one sentence from the above sentences, like-
She is Shila and her father is an officer who works in a CA firm but she wants to help her father so she works in a school.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
There are three types of Conjunctions-
- Coordinating Conjunction
- Subordinating Conjunction
- Correlative Conjunction
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
The Conjunctions which join two or more independent clauses, phrases or sentences whose meaning do not depend upon each other for giving complete sense.
E.g. Ramesh was behind me and Soma was standing in front of me.
In this sentence “Ramesh was behind me.” and “Soma was standing in front of me.” are the two sentences which have their own complete meaning. Hence, they do not depend upon each other. Both the sentences are connected together with the word “and’ which acts like Coordinating Conjunction.
SMART LIST OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
FANBOYS
For,
And,
Nor,
But,
Or,
Yet,
Soon.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
The Conjunctions used to connect principle clause or independent sentence with subordinate clause or dependent sentence respectively are called Subordinate Clause.
E.g. He didn’t attend the class because he was sick.
I did exactly what you said.
She plays gitar as well as dances.
I shall call you whenever I need.
(See the list of Subordinate Conjunctions.)
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
A pair of conjunction joining two or more phrases, clauses, or sentences which have equal importance in Sentence is called the Correlative Sentence.
Note: The Coordinating Conjunction and the Correlative Conjunction both perform the similar action as they are used to join independent sentences, phrases or clause, but the main difference between them is that the Coordinating Conjunction is single word while the Correlative Conjunction is always a pair of two conjunctions.
E.g. Both of my father and my brother are not at home.
He runs a business as well as service.
There were not only flowers but birds.
Either Ganesh or Mahesh might help him.
Some Commonly used Correlative Conjunctions are listed below for your further practice.
As …. as
Such …. that
Scarcely …. when
No sooner …. than
As many …. as
Rather …. than
Whether …. or
Not only …. but (also)
Both …. and
Either …. or
Neither …. or
Jsut as …. so
POSITION OF CONJUNCTION IN A SENTENCE
- In the starting of Sentence
E.g. Although he is weak, he will try to participate in sports.
- Between two Subjects
E.g. Harry and Maria are friends
- Between two verbs
E.g. Sapna dances and performs miraculous acts.
- Between two Objects
E.g. Do you know Shabina and her brother?
- Between two Sentences
E.g. Bring a tea for me and pass her an ice-cream bowl.
- In case of Correlative Conjunction (pair of conjunctions) the first conjunction comes in the beginning of first sentence and another comes between the first and second sentence.
E.g. Neither Rex told me nor did Tom inform me.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONJUNCTION AND CONNECTOR
“All the conjunctions are connectors, but all the connectors are no conjunction.”
Both of Conjunction as well as connector performs the same action of joining two or more sentences, clauses and phrases. But they are different in order to their style of use in the sentences.
The major differences between them are as follows;
- Usually, a conjunction does not require a comma but connector.
E.g. I felt cold but I didn’t ask for a blanket. (But – Conjunctions)
I felt cold. However, I didn’t ask for a blanket. (However- connector)
- There is fixed position of Conjunction in a sentence but connector doesn’t follow any certain rule.
E.g. I felt cold. I didn’t however ask for a blanket.
- Most conjunctions may go either before or between two verbs but connectors must go between them.
E.g. I felt cold however, I didn’t ask for a blanket.
THE ADVERBS
The words which qualify verb and adjective in a sentence are called the Adverb.
Usually an adverb replies the answer of Why, How, Where, When and to what extent. In other words, adverbs show the manner, place, quantity and time of an action.
e.g. The boy runs fast. (‘Fast’ qualifies verb ‘run’)
The boy was very thirsty. (‘Very’ qualifies adjective ‘thirsty’)
Note: The adverbs sometimes qualify other adverbs and sentence.
e.g. The boy ran really fast. (‘Really’ qualifies adverb ‘thirsty’)
Obviously, he was responsible for that mistake. (‘Obviously’ qualifies whole sentence)
TYPES OF ADVERB:
There are 8 types of adverbs –
- Adverb of Manner
- Adverb of Place
- Adverb of Time
- Adverb of Degree
- Adverb of Frequency
- Adverb of Interrogation
- Adverb of Relation
- Adverb of Sentence
- The Adverb of Manner: The word which answers ‘how’ an action is done or in which manner the work is done, is called the Adverb of Manner.
e.g. He reacted wisely.
Tom speaks English fluently.
She weeps badly.
Note: Almost adverb of manner is made from adjective by adding suffix ‘-ly’ in the word, i.e. ‘Adjective + ly = Adverb of Manner.
e.g. Swift + ly = Swiftly
Hard + ly = Hardly
Kind + ly = Kindly
Sad + ly = Sadly
Beautiful + ly = Beautifully
- The Adverb of Place: The word which answers ‘where’ the action is done is called the Adverb of Place.
e.g. Everywhere, nowhere, all around, there, here, up, down, etc.
He wandered everywhere in search of job.
He throws the ball up.
- The Adverb of Time: The word which answers ‘when’ an action is done or shows the time of action is called the Adverb of Time.
e.g. Soon, By now, now, then, till now, again, daily, weekly, monthly, never, always, etc.
You must leave bad habits by now.
Don’t call him again.
- The Adverb of Frequency: The word showing ‘how often’ the work is done is called the Adverb of Frequency.
e.g. Once, Twice, Thrice, Four times, etc.
Take this medicine twice a day.
Note: It is seen that many a student becomes confused in distinguishing Adverb of Time and Adverb of Frequency. The difference between Adverb of Time and Adverb of Frequency is that the adverb of time show the point of time when action is done whereas the adverb of Frequency shows the repetition of action.
e.g. They came again. (‘Again’ show the time of action)
They came twice a week. (‘Twice’ shows repetition of action)
- The Adverb of Degree: The word showing to which extent an action is done is called the Adverb of degree. The adverb of degree answers ‘how much’ an action is done.
e.g. Almost, so much, partly, completely, pretty, enough, totally, rather, so, etc.
He has almost finished the work.
He is old enough to understand this.
- The Adverb of Interrogation: The words which ask questions about time, place, manner, degree, reason and frequency of action are called the Adverb of Interrogation.
e.g. How, How much, how many, where, when, why, since when, how long, how often, etc.
When did you do that?
Since when are you longing for a good job?
- The Adverb of Relation: The adverb showing relationship or refer back to antecedent and joins 2 sentences and clause are called the Relative Adverbs.
e.g. Where, When, Why
Do you know why they hate me?
I must inquire where he found the purse.
- The Adverb of Sentence: When adverbs are used in the starting of a sentence to qualify whole sentence are called the Adverb of Sentence. The adverb of sentence joins a sentence with help of comma (,).
e.g. Definitely, I will ask your teacher.
Obviously, they are looking for job.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS: The Adverbs have also 3 degrees of Comparison which has similar properties and functions and formations like the degrees of adjective, i.e. Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative Degree.
e.g. He runs fast.
He runs faster than I.
He runs the fastest than other boys.
IDENTIFICATION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE
There are 3 methods of finding adverbs in a sentence –
(i) On the basis of function: An adverb only qualifies a verb, where as if the same word qualifies a noun or pronoun, it must be Adjective.
e.g. Are you well? (‘Well’ = Adjective)
He played well. (‘Well’ = Adverb)
(ii) On the basis of forms: Adverb generally possesses suffix ‘-ly’ while adjective never.
e.g. She is beautiful. (‘Beautiful’ = adjective)
She dances beautifully. (‘Beautifully’ = adverb)
- On the basis of position: Adverb comes after a verb, after object and before adjective but adjective comes before a noun or as an object.
e.g. She cries bitterly.
She cries for ice-cream bitterly.
It is bitterly cold.
(In the above 3 sentences ‘bitterly’ is used as adverb, i.e. after verb, after object and before adjective respectively.)
She is a beautiful girl.
She is beautiful.
(In the above 2 sentences ‘beautiful’ is used as adjective, i.e. before noun and as an object respectively.)
THE VERBS
The verbs are those words which can change their forms and show actions.
E.g. I want the pen which you purchased yesterday.
They were conducting a meeting with the members.
Properties of Verbs:
- Verbs show action: He threw the ball.
- Verbs shows status, possession, position and mood: The sun is I was in the room. I have a work.
- Verbs can change their forms. They have 5 forms, namely: V1(Base Form), V2 (Past Simple Form), V3 (Past Participle), V4 ( Present Participle Form) and V5 ( Present Simple Singular Form):
E.g. Go, Went, Gone, Going, Goes // Have, Had, Had, Having, Has // Play, Played, Played,
Playing, Plays, etc.
- The change in the form of Verbs is due to change in Tense and Subject.
E.g. I told him yesterday. I am telling him.
They call me. He calls me.
Types of Verbs:
The Verbs are mainly classified into 2 groups:
- The Principle Verbs / Full Verbs / Main Verbs / Lexical Verbs: The verbs which give complete sense of actions are called the Principle Verbs. In other words, such verbs don’t depend upon other verbs to give a complete sense.
E.g. Go, Sit, Read, Render, Bring Cut, etc.
TYPES OF PRINCIPLE VERBS (ON THE BASIS OF OBJECT):
The Principle Verbs are classified in 2 groups on the basis of the presence of objects after the Principle Verb. These are namely- (1) Transitive Verbs and (2) Intransitive Verbs.
- The Transitive Verbs: The Verbs which require both of subject and direct objects are called the transitive Verb. It should be noted that the Transitive Verb may further be classified in –Mono-transitive, Di-transitive and rarely, tri-transitive.
E.g. They waited for me in the garden. (Mono-transitive)
I gave Ramesh a book. (Di-transitive)
They are trading computers, laptops and accessories. (tri-transitive)
- The Intranistive Verbs: The verbs which don’t require any object in a sentence are called the Intransitive Verb.
E.g. Please, await.
Note: Some transitive verbs change their forms into intransitive by adding prefix –a.
E.g. Transitive Form Intransitive Forms
Rise Arise
Wait Await
Wake Awake.
- The Auxiliary Verbs / Helping Verbs: The verbs which help Principle Verb to complete sentence are called the Auxiliary Verbs. There are 24 Auxiliary Verbs in English.
List: Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Has, Have, Had, Do, Does, Did, Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Will, Should, Must, Would, Dare, Need, Ought to, Used to (24).
The Auxiliary Verbs are of 3 Types:
- Primary Helping Verbs: The Helping Verbs which act as Principle Verbs in absence of Principle Verbs in a Sentence.
E.g. He is playing. (‘is’ as Helping Verb)
He is happy. (‘is’ as Principle Verb)
Note: When there is no principle verb in Sentence or if any direct object follows the Primary Helping Verb then the Primary Helping Verb itself behaves like Principle Verb (vide examples given above).
The Primary Helping Verbs are classified in 3 groups:
- Verb to be: Is, Am, Are, Was, Were.
- Verb to do: Do, Does, Did.
- Verb to have: Have, Has, Had
- Modal Helping Verbs: The helping Verbs with which only base form (V1) of Principle Verb are used in all tenses are called the Modal Helping Verbs.
There are 9 Modal Helping Verbs in English: Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Will, Should, Must, Would.
E.g. You should attend the meeting.
He might show you the solution.
- Semi Modals / Marginal / Semi Auxiliary Verbs: The 4 Helping Verbs which sometimes behave as modals and sometimes like principle verbs are called the semi modals. These are – Used to, Need, Ought and dare.
E.g. I need consult a doctor.
People dare blame the government for this scam.
Note: A multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb and having some of the same grammatical characteristics, also known as a semi-modal or a lexical auxiliary. Semi-auxiliaries include be about to, be able to, be going to, be likely to, be supposed to, had better, have to, ought to, used to, and would rather. Some are followed by an infinitive; others by a zero infinitive.
Forms of Principle Verbs: (5)
There are 5 forms of verbs on the basis of Tense and forms of Subjects.
- V1 (The Base Form): It is the main form of verb which is plural by nature, hence used with Plural subject directly in Simple Present tense. The subjects that may be used are 1st Person (I, We), Second Person (You) and Third Person Plural Number (They). The V1 form can also be used after verb to Do and Models. When the V1 is used after the Model then it’s called Bare Infinitive.
Eg.
- I / We / You / They go.
- I / We / You / He / They don’t go.
- He / She doesn’t go.
- You may / should / will / need go. (As Bare infinitive)
- V2 (The Simple Past Form): The V2 form are used with all subjects in Affirmative Sentence of Simple Past Tense.
Eg. The boy asked me.
You already told him.
- V3 (The Past Participle Form): The V3 form of verb are used as passive form of Principle verbs (i.e. after verb to be) and as active form of verb with verb to have.
E.g. People were informed about the earth-quake in the morning.
They had gone to safe place.
- V4 (The Present Participle Form): This form consist suffix ‘–ing’ and is used to show continuous action. The V4 form is used after verb to be. The V4 forms are also behaves like non-finite or like noun. In this case the V4 is called the Gerund.
E.g. He is dancing in the garden.
Walking is a good exercise. (As Gerund)
- V5 (The Simple Present Form): This is the Singular Simple Present Tense form of verb, hence it is used with the third person singular number persons in affirmative sentence of Simple Present Tense.
E.g. He works hard.
Ashok sings a song.
| Types of Principle Verbs | Infinitives | V1 | V2
(V1+ed) |
V3
(V1+ed) |
V4
(V1+ing) |
V5
(V1+s/es) |
| Regular | (to) ask | ask | asked | asked | asking | asks |
| Irregular | (to) sing | sing | sang | sung | singing | Sings |
| (to) bring | bring | brought | brought | bringing | brings |
TYPES OF PRINCIPLE VERBS (ON THE BASIS OF CONVERSION OF FORMS):
On the basis of 5 forms of verb, the Principle Verbs can be divided into 2 groups:
- Regular Verbs: The Principle Verbs which follows certain rules for being converted into V2 and V3, are called the Regular Verbs.
Note: The Regular Verbs can be converted from V1 to V2 or V3 by adding suffix ‘-d / -ed’ ( or sometimes ‘-t’) in the V1.
(i.e. V1+ -d / -ed / -t = V2/V3).
Eg.
| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 |
V5 |
| Finish | Finished | Finished | Finishing | Finishes |
| Work | Worked | Worked | Working | Works |
| Ask | Asked | Asked | Asking | Asks |
| Touch | Touched | Touched | Touching | Touches |
| Fix | Fixed | Fixed | Fixing | Fixes |
- Irregular Verbs: The Principle Verbs which don’t follow any rule to be coverted into V2 and V3, are called the Irregular Verbs.
Eg.
| V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 |
V5 |
| Cut | Cut | Cut | Cutting | Cuts |
| Put | Put | Put | Putting | Puts |
| Sing | Sang | Sung | Singing | Sings |
| Sink | Sank | Sunk | Sinking | Sinks |
| Think | Thought | Thought | Thinking | Thinks |
| Bring | Brought | Brought | Bringing | Brings |
It is preferable for students to remember all the Irregular Verbs to avoid mistakes in verb forms. For your assistance, the list of Irregular Verbs is given below:
TYPES OF PRINCIPLE VERBS (ON THE BASIS OF FORMS USED IN SENTENCE):
On the basis of Forms of Verbs used in composing sentences according to tense, the Principle Verbs are classified into 2 groups:
- Finite Verbs: The Principle Verbs which change their forms accordingly tense and subject of the Sentence are called the Finite Verbs.
E.g. They go. They went. (‘Go’ changes its form because of Tense.)
You go. He goes. (‘Go’ changes its form because of Subject.)
- Non-Finite Verbs: The Principle Verbs which don’t change their forms accordingly tense or subject, and behave like nouns (i.e. subject, objects or complements), are called the Non-Finite Verbs. The non-finites don’t behave like verb whereas they behave like noun, adjective or adverb.
E.g. They want to walk. They wanted to walk. (No change in ‘walk’ even tense changes)
To walk is good for health. Walking is good for health. (‘To walk’ and ‘walking’ behaves like subject.)
The Non-finite Verbs are of 4 types:
- Infinitive
- Bare-infinitive / Semi Infinitive
- Gerund
- Participles
- Infinitive: The ‘to+V1’ form of Verb which behaves like nouns or compliment to the Verb is called the Infinitive.
E.g. To walk is a good exercise. (‘To walk’ is Noun-subject)
To watch television harms your eyes. (‘To watch’ is subject)
I told her to sew my shirt. (‘To sew’ is Complement to verb.)
- Semi-Infinitive: When ‘V1’ comes after Model helping Verb, then it’s called Semi-Infinitive.
E.g. I can speak English.
You will watch this movie.
You must walk in the morning.
- Gerund: When ‘V4’ behaves like noun, then it is called the Gerund.
E.g. Weeping is not the real face of sorrow.
I like singing.
- Participle: The verbs when behave like adjective to qualify a noun or pronoun then such verbs are called the Participles.
e.g. I saw a boy riding a bike.
She is a singing girl.
This is a broken piece of glass.
TYPES OF PARTICIPLES:
The Participles are morphologically of 3 types:
- Present Participle: When V4 form of verb behave like adjective in a sentence then it’s called the Present Participle.
e.g. The nightingale is a singing bird.
I hate sleeping watchman.
Note: The difference between Gerund and Present participle is that, the Gerund behaves like a noun whereas the Present Participle behaves like adjective to a Noun or Pronoun.
e.g. Singing is an art. (Singing= Noun: Gerund)
Meena is a singing girl. (Singing= Adjective: Present Participle.)
- Perfect Participle: When V3 form of verb behaves like adjective in a sentence, it’s called the Perfect Participle.
e.g. The risen sun was very hot.
The heard news is false.
USE OF HELPING VERBS:
- PRIMARY HELPING VERBS: Now you have learned that the Primary helping Verbs are of 3 types namely – Verb to be, Verb to have and Verb to do. We shall now learn the usages of Primary Helping Verbs separately with structures.
- Verb to Be (Is, Am, Are, Was, Were):
- Nature of Verb to Be: To understand the nature i.e. tense, number and subject requirement with ‘verb to be’ is necessary for correct use of ‘Verb to be’ in sentence formation, therefore the below mentioned ideas will help you to easily remember this.
- Subject Required with Verb to Be –
| Persons | Singular Number | Plural Number | ||
| Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | |
| First Person | I | Am / Was | We | Are / Were |
| Second Person | You | Are / Were | You | Are / Were |
| Third Person | He / She/ It/ Single Name | Is / Was | They / Plural Names | Are / Were |
- Numbers of Verb to Be –
- Singular Number : Is / Am / Was
- Plural Number : Are / Were
- Tenses of Verb to Be –
- Present Tense : Is / Am / Are
- Past Tense : Was / Were
- Forms of Principle Verbs required with Verb to be – V3, V4, and Infinitive.
- The usage of ‘Verb to be’ in non-action sentences: The ‘verb to be’ can be used in non-action sentences for showing position, mood, relation and planning of actions. These usages can easily be understood by the following rules and structures in case of Present and Past Tenses.
- Use : To show position, condition, situation, relation and mood, the verb to be is used like principle verb in a sentence.
Structure: S+ Verb to be + O.
e.g. The Sun is hot.
We are in the room.
He is my brother.
The Himalayas are the largest mountain series.
They were angry.
Conversion of the Structure : –
- Negative: S+ Verb to be+ Not+ O.
e.g. They are not happy.
- Interrogative: Verb to be + S + O?
e.g. Are they happy?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + S + Not + O?
Or, Verb to be + Not + S + O?
e.g. Are they not happy? or Are not they happy?
Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + O?
e.g. Why are they happy?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + Not + O?
Or, Wh-Words + Verb to be + Not + S + O?
e.g. Why are they not happy? or Why are not they happy?
(ii) Use : To show planning of action.
Structure: S + Verb to be + Infinitive.
e.g. I am to come.
The flight is to land.
They were to fight.
Conversion of the Structure : –
- Negative: S+ Verb to be+ Not+ Infinitive.
e.g. They are not to participate in the programe.
- Interrogative: Verb to be + S + Infinitive?
e.g. Are they to participate in the program?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + S + Not + Infinitive?
Or, Verb to be + Not + S + Infinitive?
e.g. Are they not to participate in the program?
Or, Are not they to participate in the program?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + Infinitive?
e.g. When are they to participate in the program?
- Wh-Question Negative: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + Not + Infinitive?
Or, Wh-Words + Verb to be + Not + S + Infinitive?
e.g. Why are they not to participate in the program?
or Why are not they to participate in the program?
Note: To represent a planning of work which is aspected to be done the sooner ‘just/about/soon’ should be used before infinitive.
Structure: S + Verb to be + Just / About / Soon + Infinitive.
e.g. They are about to win the game.
The patient was just to die.
Conversion of the Structure : –
- Negative: S+ Verb to be + Not + just /soon /about + Infinitive.
e.g. They are not just to leave .
- Interrogative: Verb to be + S + just /soon /about + Infinitive?
e.g. Are you about to complete your homework?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + S + Not + just /soon /about + Infinitive?
Or, Verb to be + Not + S + just /soon /about + Infinitive?
e.g. Was he not about to crash plane?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + just /soon /about + Infinitive?
e.g. What are you about to perform on the stage?
- Wh-Question Negative: Wh-Words + Verb to be + S + Not + Infinitive?
Or, Wh-Words + Verb to be + Not + S + just /soon /about + Infinitive?
e.g. Why are not they soon to sing.
- The usage of ‘Verb to be’ in action sentences: The ‘verb to be’ is also used to make action sentences in Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tenses, and making passive voice.
- For Action Sentences of Present & Past Tense: In the active voice form of Present and Past Continuous Tenses, V4 are used after ‘verb to be’. Such sentences show continuous actions or ongoing works.
Structure: S + Verb to be + V4 + O.
e.g. The boys are playing outside.
He was milking the cow.
Conversion of the Structure: –
- Negative : S + Verb to be+ Not + V4 +O.
e.g. They were not playing outside.
- Interrogative: Verb to be + S + V4 + O?
e.g. Were they playing outside?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + S + not + V4 + O?
Or, Verb to be + not+ S + V4 + O?
e.g. Were they not playing outside?
Were not they playing outside?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to be + S + V4 + O?
e.g. When were they playing outside?
- Wh-Question Negative: Wh-Word + Verb to be + S + not + V4 + O?
Or, Wh-Word + Verb to be + not + S + V4 +?
e.g. Why were they not playing outside?
Why were not they playing outside?
- Use of ‘Verb To Be’ in Passive Voice: Verb to be is used to make passive voice sentences of Simple and Continuous tense forms of Present and Past tense.
- In Passive Voice of Simple Present Tense and Simple Past tense, V3 is used after ‘verb to be’.
Structure: Passive Subject + Verb to be + V3 + Direct Object + By + Passive Object.
e.g. The students are taught English by the class teacher.
Conversion of the Structure : –
- Negative: Passive Subject + Verb to be + not+ V3 + Direct Object + By + Passive
Object.
e.g. The students are not taught by the teacher.
- Interrogative: Verb to be + Passive Subject + V3 + Direct Object + By + Passive
Object?
e.g. Was the bridge made by hundreds of workers?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + Passive Subject+ not + V3 + Direct Object + By +
Passive Object?
Or, Verb to be + not + Passive Subject + V3 + Direct Object + By +
Passive Object?
e.g. Is Raju not told about his assignments by him?
Or, Isn’t Raju told about his assignments by him?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + Passive Subject+ V3 + Direct Object +
By + Passive Object?
e.g. How was this book torn by the baby?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + Passive Subject+ not + V3 + Direct Object +
By + Passive Object?
Or, Wh-Words + Verb to be + not + Passive Subject + V3 + Direct Object +
By + Passive Object?
e.g. Why were the boys not kept apart from the competition?
Why were not the boys kept apart from the competition?
- In Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tenses, ‘Verb to be + being’ is used before the V3.
Structure: Passive Subject + Verb to be + being + V3+ Direct Object + By + Passive Object.
e.g. The class is being attended by a few students.
Conversion of the Structure : –
- Negative: Passive Subject + Verb to be + not+ being + V3 + Direct Object + By +
Passive Object.
e.g. The students are not being taught by the teacher.
- Interrogative: Verb to be + Passive Subject+ being + V3 + Direct Object + By + Passive
Object?
e.g. Was the bridge being made by hundreds of workers?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to be + Passive Subject+ not+ being + V3 + Direct Object +
By + Passive Object?
Or, Verb to be + not + Passive Subject+ being + V3 + Direct Object + By + Passive Object?
e.g. Is Raju not being told about his assignments by him?
Or, Isn’t Raju being told about his assignments by him?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + Passive Subject+ being + V3 + Direct Object +
By + Passive Object?
e.g. How was this book being torn by the baby?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Words + Verb to be + Passive Subject+ not+ being + V3 + Direct
Object + By + Passive Object?
Or, Wh-Words + Verb to be + not + Passive Subject+ being + V3 + Direct
Object + By + Passive Object?
e.g. Why were the boys not being kept apart from the competition?
Why were not the boys being kept apart from the competition?
(d) Miscellaneous structures with verb to be : –
- To show time, date, weather and climate:
Structure: It + is / was + time/date/ climate/ weather.
e.g. It is 5 o’clock.
It was Monday.
It is very hot.
It is January.
- To emphasize subject in a sentence:
Structure: It + is + S + who/which+ verb + O.
e.g. It is I who helped her.
It is you who got me a car to reach my home.
- To show huge amount of anything:
Structure: There + is / was + nothing but + O.
E.g. There was nothing but flowers.
There is nothing but water.
- Verb To Have (Has, Have, Had):
- Nature of Verb to have: The ‘verb to have’ is generally used to show right, relationship, responsibility, etc in a sentence.
- Forms of Verb to Have- Have, Had, Had, Having, Has
- Subject Required with ‘Verb to Have’–
| Persons | Singular Number | Plural Number | ||
| Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | |
| First Person | I | Have, Had | We | Have, Had |
| Second Person | You | Have, Had | You | Have, Had |
| Third Person | He / She/ It/ Single Name | Has, Had | They / Plural Names | Have, Had |
- Numbers of ‘Verb to Have’ –
- Singular Number : Has
- Plural Number : Have
- Common : Had
- Tenses of ‘Verb to Have’–
- Present Tense : Has / Have
- Past Tense : Had
- Forms of Principle Verbs required with ‘Verb to Have’ – V3 and Infinitive.
- Usage of ‘Verb to have’ in non action sentences: In non-action sentences, ‘verb to have’ is used as Principle verb. In that case ‘verb to have’ is followed by the Object and / or infinitive.
- Use: to show right and relationship.
Structure: S + Verb to have + O.
e.g. John has two brothers. (Relationship)
The Police officer had order to arrest the smuggler. (Right)
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Verb to have + Not + O.
e.g. Sindhu has nice temper.
- Interrogative: Verb to have + S + O?
e.g Have you a pen?
- Interrogative Negative: Verb to have + S + Not + O?
Verb to have + Not + S + O?
e.g. Have you no money?
Had not she mole on her face?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + O?
e.g. What have you?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + Not + O?
Wh-Word + Verb to have + Not + S + O?
e.g. Why have they no time?
Why have not they time?
- Use: The infinitive is used after verb to be to show responsibility of an action which is to be done by the Subject.
Structure: S + Verb to have + Infinitive + O.
e.g. I have to say you something.
You had to appear in examination.
He has to visit Agra.
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Verb to have + not + infinitive + O.
e.g. I have not to go there today.
- Interrogative: Verb to have + S + Infinitive + O?
e.g. Have you to call for a meeting.
- Negative Interrogative: Verb to have + not + S+ infinitive + O?
Verb to have + S + not + infinitive + O?
e.g. Have not you to call Aditya?
Have you not to call Aditya?
- Wh- Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + Infinitive + O?
e.g. Why has Randhava to dispose the paper so early?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + not + S+ infinitive + O?
Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + not + infinitive + O?
e.g. Why have not you to be happy?
Why have you not to be happy?
- Usage of ‘Verb to Have’ in action sentences: Generally ‘Verb to have’ requires Past Participle Form of Verb (V3) to make action sentences. Therefore, either V3 directly follow the ‘Verb to have’ or ‘been+ V4’ comes after the ‘verb to have’.
- Use: ‘Verb to have + V3’ is used in action sentences of Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses.
Structure: S + Verb to have + V3 + O.
e.g. Sheila has told me this story.
I have seen a tiger in the zoo.
They had arrived Delhi yesterday.
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Verb to have + not + V3 + O.
e.g. I have not seen the rainbow.
- Interrogative: Verb to have + S + V3 + O?
e.g. Have you called Meera?
- Negative Interrogative: Verb to have + not + S + V3 + O?
Verb to have + S + not + V3 + O?
e.g. Had they not visited Mumbai?
Had not they visited Mumbai?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + V3 + O?
e.g. How has the doggy come out of the cannel?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + not + S + V3 + O?
Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + not + V3 + O?
e.g. Why had Miss Nelson not gone to New York?
Why had not Miss Nelson gone to New York?
- Use: In Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tenses, Verb to have is followed by ‘been+V4’ to show continuous and unfinished actions.
Structure: S + Verb to have + been + V4 + O (+ for / since + time).
e.g. They have been reading in this school for two years.
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Verb to have + not + been + V4 + O (+ for /since+ time).
e.g. I had not been disturbing him for this work.
- Interrogative: Verb to have + S + been + V4 + O (+ for /since+ time)?
e.g. Has Meera been playing outside?
- Negative Interrogative: Verb to have + S + not+ been + V4 + O (+ for /since+ time)?
Verb to have + not + S+ + V4 + O (+ for /since+ time)?
e.g. Had Saurabh not been reading since 2005 AD?
Have not I been singing since 6 o’clock?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S +been+ V4 + O (+ for /since+ time)?
e.g. Why have you been crying for ice-cream since morning?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to have + S + not + been + V4 + O (+ for /since+
time)?
Wh-Word + Verb to have + not + S +been + V4 + O (+ for /since+
time)?
e.g. Where have you not been begging for last six months?
Where have you not been begging for last six months?
- Miscellaneous structures with ‘Verb to Have’ : –
- To show authority, right, relationship.
Structure: S + Verb to have + got+ O.
e.g. He has got typhoid.
They have got no time to attend the party.
She had got a good chance.
Note: The above structure gives same meaning if written without ‘got’.
i.e.
I have got a problem = I have a problem.
- ‘Verb to have’ when used as Principle Verb then it gives different meanings like– take, drink, eat, etc.
e.g. I have had (taken) my lunch.
Did you have (drink) your milk?
May I have (take) your pen, please?
People must have their own homes to live in.
- ‘Have’ can be used after modal helping verbs:
- Structure: S + modal + have+ O.
e.g. You will have good luck.
I should have time.
- Structre: S + modal + have + infinitive.
e.g. I must have to go now.
They shall have to work hard.
- Structure: S + modal + have + V3 + O.
e.g. This work could have done.
You should have seen this movie.
- Structure: S + modal + have + been + V4+ O.
e.g. He should have been teaching to weak students.
They will have been playing with all their efforts to win the
game
.
- Structure: S + modal + have + been + O.
e.g. She must have been with me in all troubles.
They will have been ready to join our group.
- Verb To Do (Do, Does, Did):
- Nature of Verb to Do: The ‘verb to do’ is generally used to change the types of action sentences in Simple Present and Simple Past Tenses.
- Forms of ‘Verb to do’- Do, Did, Done, Doing Does.
- Subject Required with ‘Verb to do’–
| Persons | Singular Number | Plural Number | ||
| Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | Subject | Primary Helping Verbs | |
| First Person | I | Do / Did | We | Do / Did |
| Second Person | You | Do / Did | You | Do / Did |
| Third Person | He/She/ It/
Single Name |
Does / Did | They/
Plural Names |
Do / Did |
- Numbers of ‘Verb to Do’ –
- Singular Number : Does
- Plural Number : Do
- Common : Did
- Tenses of ‘Verb to Do’–
- Present Tense : Do / Does
- Past Tense : Did
- Forms of Principle Verbs required with ‘Verb to Do’ – V1
- Usage of ‘Verb to do’ action sentences: To change affirmative sentences Simple Present and Simple Past into negative and interrogative, we need to add verb to do after and before the subject respectively. The structures with Verb to Do are therefore, as following:
- Negative Sentence: S + Verb to do+ Not + V1 + O.
e.g. I do not say so.
We did not go to Paris.
John does not hide the ball.
- Interrogative Sentence: Verb to Do + S + V1 + O?
e.g. Do you like this story-book?
Does she teach English?
Did he draw this figure?
- Negative Interrogative Sentence: Verb to Do + not + S+ V1 + O?
Verb to Do + S + not + V1 + O?
e.g. Do not you tease him?
Did he not swing?
- Wh-Question Sentence: Wh-Word + Verb to Do + S + V1 + O?
e.g. What do you do?
Why did he ask you about this?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Verb to Do + not + S+ V1 + O?
Wh-Word + Verb to Do + S + not + V1 + O?
e.g. Why do not you give me that book?
What do you not know?
- Usage of Verb to do in emphatic sentence: To emphasize verb in action sentences, ‘verb to do’ is used just before the V1.
Structure: S + Verb to Do + V1 +O.
e.g. I do say that India is a great country.
You did do this.
He does ask me.
- Usage of ‘Do’ in Imperative Sentences:
- To make negative command;
Structure: Don’t + V1 + O.
e.g. Don’t tease me.
Don’t play outside.
Don’t touch nude electric wire, please.
- To make emphatic command: Do + V1 + O?
e.g. Do come once.
Do call me, please.
USAGE OF MODAL HELPING VERBS:
There are 9 Helping Verbs in English. These helping verbs have different usage based on their meanings. But the similarities among all Modals are: –
- They require only V1 forms of Principle Verbs,
- Can be used with all subjects.
Note: Usually ‘Shall’ requires First person and ‘Will’ requires Second and Third Person but vice-versa in case to show definite works.
e.g. I shall go to school. (Means – just a future plan, may be changed)
I will go to school. (Means – action is definite, can’t be change in any circumstance)
You will catch the train. (Means – just a future plan, may be changed)
You shall catch the train. (Means – action is definite, can’t be change in any circumstance)
NATURE OF MODALS:
| Sl. No. | Modals | Tense | Usage | Examples |
| 1 | Can | Present | To show ability | India can win the match.
He can be No.1 player. |
| Informal permission | Can I take you to the Red-fort?
Can I take your pen, friend? |
|||
| 2 | May | Present | Possibility of action | He may pass the examination.
They may be at home. |
| Formal permission | May I come in, Sir?
May I help you? |
|||
| 3 | Could | Past | To show ability of a work that is unfinished. | He could jump from the roof.
I could pass the exam. |
| To request | Could you please bring a book for me?
Could you help me? |
|||
| 4 | Might | Past | Possibility of action | He might ask you.
They might fall sick. |
| Most formal permission | Might I ask you, sir?
Might I come inside? |
|||
| 5 | Should | Present | Advice | You should serve your parents.
He should not be so rude. |
| 6 | Must | Present | Strong advice or strict request | We must keep our nature clean.
You must not be late in the class. |
| 7 | Shall | Future | To show future action
(Used in all types of future tense) |
I shall represent my team in the conference.
We shall be overcome. |
| 8 | Will | Future | To show future action
(Used in all types of future tense) |
They will call me for help.
The king will order for war. |
| 9 | Would | All tense | Possibility with imagination | He would be a magician.
You would like to walk in the garden. |
Sentence Formation with Modals:
- For Indefinite / Simple tense in action sentence: In the Simple / Indefinite forms of Present, Past and Future tenses, the modals are followed by V1.
Structure: S + Modal + V1 + O.
e.g. The train will reach Patna at 4 o’clock.
They could sing national anthem.
You must meet me right now.
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Modal + not + V1 + O.
e.g. He will not (won’t) speak to the officer.
They cannot complete the task. (Can + not= cannot)
I shall not (shan’t) cheat anybody.
- Interrogative: Modal + S + V1 + O?
e.g. Can I count upon you?
Would you like talking?
- Negative Interrogative: Modal + S + not + V1 +O?
Modal + not + S + V1 + O?
e.g. Cannot you speak Spanish?
Will Herbert not leave for China?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Modal + S + V1 + O?
e.g. Why will you visit Mumbai?
How can they guess about it?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Modal + S + not + V1 +O?
Wh-Word + Modal + not + S + V1 + O?
e.g. What would people say?
Which time will you prefer to go for study?
- For Indefinite / Simple tense in non-action sentence: In the Simple / Indefinite forms of Present, Past and Future tenses, the modals are followed by ‘be + Object’. Such sentences show position, situation and mood.
Structure: S + Modal + be + O.
e.g. He will be fine within a week.
I must be up with right person.
They would be anxious.
I could be present in the class.
Conversion of Structure:
- Negative: S + Modal + not + be + O.
e.g. She shall not be happy with wicked person like him.
They should not be late..
- Interrogative: Modal + S + be + O?
e.g. Can he be with me in the quest?
Shall I be there for you?
- Negative Interrogative: Modal + S + not + be + O?
Modal + not + S + be + O?
e.g. Cannot he be early to the office?
Should I not be afraid of his rudeness?
- Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Modal + S + be + O?
e.g. Why will Thomas be angry with my brother?
How could Armstrong be a singer?
- Negative Wh-Question: Wh-Word + Modal + S + not + be +O?
Wh-Word + Modal + not + S + be + O?
e.g. Why must he not be over smart?
How will this game be over?
- For Passive voice of Simple or Indefinite form of Present, Past & Future Tenses: Those sentences of Simple Present, Simple Past and Simple Future where modals are used can be converted in Passive form by adding ‘be + V3’ after the modals.
Structure: S + Modal + be + V3 + O.
e.g. The work must be finished.
She can be informed about the death of her mother.
They will be caught at the bus stand.
- For action sentences in Continuous Tenses: To make action sentences in Continuous forms of Present, Past and Future Tenses, modals are followed by ‘Be+ V4’.
Structure: S + Modal + be +V4 + O?
e.g. The entry through this gate must be going on.
You should be going through the book.
Arshad shall be practicing as a doctor.
- For action sentences in Perfect Tenses: In the Perfect forms of the Present and Past tenses, usually V3 is followed by ‘verb to have’ but for adding modals in such sentences, ‘have+V3’ should be used after Modals.
Structure: S + Modal + have + V3 + O.
e.g. The work would have been finished.
That boy should have played nice.
Your friend might have reached.
- For action sentences in Perfect Continuous Tenses: To make Perfect continuous forms of Present and Past tenses, modals are followed by ‘have+been+V4’.
Structure: S + Modal + have+ been + V4 + O.
e.g. They should have been reading silently.
They might have been singing since 6 o’clock.
- For non-action sentence in Perfect Continuous Tenses: For non-action sentences in perfect continuous forms of Past and Present tenses, modals are followed by ‘have + been + O.
Structure: S + Modal + have + been + O.
e.g. You could have been a lecturer.
She should have been here.
SOME OTHER TYPES OF VERBS:
- Dynamic Verb / Action Verb: The principle verbs which show action, process or sensation are called the Dynamic Verbs.
e.g. Play, Rotate, Bounce, Go, etc.
- Static Verbs / Non-action Verb: The principle verbs that show state, situation or condition are called the Static Verbs.
e.g. Have, Know, Like, Own, Seem, etc.
- Phrasal Verb: The combination of verb and preposition to make an idiomatic sense is called the Phrasal Verb.
e.g. Set off, carry on, take off, etc.
- Prepositional Verb: The combination of verb and preposition to make an idiomatic sense but possesses movable preposition, is called the Prepositional Verb.
e.g. He took his hat off. (Phrasal Verb)
The flight took off. (Prepositional Verb)
He set for town. (Prepositional Verb)
He set his boat for town. (Phrasal Verb)
ADJECTIVE
The words which show quality of a noun or pronoun are called the Adjective.
E.g. On a snowy evening I met an old lady.
In the above sentence, snowy and old show characters of nouns – evening and lady, therefore snowy and old are the Adjectives.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVE
The Adjectives can be classified by 2 methods:
On the basis of different qualities the Adjectives are divided in 9 parts namely-
- Proper Adjective
- Adjective of Quality
- Adjective of Quantity
- Distributive Adjective
- Nominal Adjective
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Indefinite Adjective
- Interrogative Adjective
- Numeral Adjective
On the basis of the positions of adjectives in a sentence there are 4 types of Adjective-
- Attributive Adjective
- Substantive Adjective
- Predicative Adjective
- Post-positive Adjective
RECITING CHART FOR ADJECTIVE
| Sl.No. | Types of Adjective | Definitions | Examples |
| 1 | Proper Adjective | The adjective made from Proper Noun. | Indian, Chinese, Solar |
| 2 | Adjective of Quality | The adjective showing general quality or nature | Old, Busy, Hot, Sweet |
| 3 | Adjective of Quantity | The adjective showing amount of noun or pronoun | Some, Several, Many |
| 4 | Numeral Adjective | The adjective showing number of noun or pronoun | One, Million, Double |
| 5 | Indefinite Adjective | The adjective showing indefinite group of noun | Any child can solve this question. |
| 6 | Interrogative Adjective | The words showing interrogation about nouns and pronoun | Which book? |
| 7 | Demonstrative Adjective | The words denoting noun and pronoun | This car is black. |
| 8 | Distributive Adjective | The words showing an entity among a group of entities separately. | Some pencils are sharpened. |
| 9 | Attributive Adjective | When adjective are used before noun | A black car met an accident. |
| 10 | Predicative Adjective | When adjectives are used as object | He is sad. |
| 11 | Substantive Adjective | A series of Adjectives in specific order* is called the Substantive Adjective. | I bought two nice, big and red bottles. |
| 12 | Post-Positive Adjective | When two adjectives come together in which one behaves like adverb or the adjective modifier then the other is called the Post-Positive Adjective. | The weather is very hot. I met three kind saints. |
| 13 | Nominal Adjective | The Adjective that behave like a noun | The poor are laborious. |
*Order of Adjective: When more than one adjective come together in a sentence then they must follow the correct order of arrangement. By this rule, the specific order of Adjective is formulated as- “OSHACOMN”
i.e.
- Opinion
- Shape
- Age
- Colour
- Origin
- Material
- Noun
For example;
This beautiful, large, old, red, brick fort was made in Agra.
( Beautiful: Opinion, Large: Shape, Old: Age, Red: Colour, Brick: Material/Noun)
Aditi is beautiful, slim and fair daughter of mine.
( Beautiful: Opinion, Slim: Shape, Fair: Colour)
If you have to use different adjectives of same category, then arrange them in order to the syllable (monosyllable to multi-syllable).
E.g.
I am active and intelligent.
The pastry is red and brown.
The Degree of Comprassion:
e.g. I am rich, he is richer than me but his brother is the richest in the town.
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative and the word ‘the’ precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need –ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y( happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
| Rules | Positive Degree | Comparative Degree | Superlative Degree |
| · By adding (-er/ -est)
· For monosyllable words |
Sharp | Sharper | Sharpest |
| Hard | Harder | Hardiest | |
| Bold | Bolder | Boldest | |
| Weak | Weaker | Weakest | |
| · By adding (-ier/ -iest)
· For Monosyllable words with ending ‘consonant + y’ |
Happy | Happier | Happiest |
| Lazy | Lazier | Laziest | |
| Sticky | Stickier | Stickiest | |
| Healthy | Healthier | Healthiest | |
| · By doubling last consonant of monosyllable words (t/g/n/m) | Hot | Hotter | Hottest |
| Thin | Thinner | Thinnest | |
| Big | Bigger | Biggest | |
| · Using More and Much
· For polysyllable words |
Beautiful | More beautiful | Most beautiful |
| Doubtful | More doubtful | Most doubtful | |
| Tremendous | More tremendous | Most tremendaous | |
| · Using different words | Good | Better | Best |
| Bad | Worse | Worst | |
| Far | Farther | Farthest |
Note: There are some words of different language origins used in English posses only comparative degree. Such words follow ‘to’ in spite of ‘than’ in English Conversation.
E.g. Junior, Senior, Posterior, Anterior, Superior, Inferior, etc.
Conversion of Adjective:
- A Noun can be used like an adjective. In the other hand, when 2 Nouns come together, the first Noun behaves like Adjective.
E.g. Pen cap, Electricity Bill, Computer Operator, etc.
- Like the above rule Verbs can also behave like Adjective.
E.g. Shifting pain, Washing machine, etc.
- Combination of Noun + Verb can also be used like Adjective.
E.g. Life saving drugs.
DETERMINERS
Determiners are words that are used with nouns to clarify the noun.
E.g. This pen, A boy, Ten chapters, etc.
The Determiners can clarify:
- to define something or someone
- to state the amount of people, things or other nouns
- to state possessives
- to state something or someone is specific
- to state how things or people are distributed
- to state the difference between nouns
- to state someone or something is not specific
TYPES OF DERERMINERS:
There are different types of determiners. There type of determiner depends on the type of noun. Singular nouns always need a determiner. Plural nouns the determiner is optional. Uncountable nouns the determiner is also optional.
There are about 50 different determiners in the English language, which are classified into 6 groups. These are-
| Sl.No. | Determiners | Definition | Examples | Sub-types |
| 1 | Articles | The determiners showing position, importance and number of Nouns. | a, an, the | Definite: The
Indefinite: A, An |
| 2 | Demonstrative | The determiners showing particular Nouns out of a group. | this, that, these, those, which etc. | |
| 3 | Possessive | The determiners showing relation of Noun. | my, your, our, their, his, hers, whose, my friend’s, our friends’, etc. | |
| 4 | Quantifier | The determiners showing amount of nouns. | few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc. | |
| 5 | Numeral | The determiners showing number of Nouns. | one, two, three, twenty, forty | |
| 6 | Ordinal | The determiner showing specific number of a noun in a group. | first, second, 1st 2nd, 3rd, last, next, etc. |
GENDER
The gender represents the sexuality of Nouns and Pronouns.
THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF GENDER:
| Sr. No. | Gender | Definition | Example |
| 1 | Masculine | The gender showing male species | Man, Tiger, Cock |
| 2 | Feminine | The gender showing female species | Woman, Tigress, Hen |
| 3 | Common | The gender showing both of male and female species | Doctor, Animal, Leader |
| 4 | Neuter | The gender showing neither male nor female species | Pen, Chair, Air |
CHANGING OF MASCULINE INTO FEMININE GENDER:
| Sr.No. | Rule | Example | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | |||
| 1 | By adding suffix –‘ess’ | Poet | Poetess | |
| 2 | In some words when suffix –‘ess’ is added after replacing weak vowels | Tiger | Tigress | |
| 3 | By adding He or She initially | He-goat | She-goat | |
| 4 | By using different words | Horse | Mare | |
English Grammar Learning 